mgimoconceptКонцепт: философия, религия, культураConcept: philosophy, religion, culture2541-88312619-0540МГИМО10.24833/2541-8831-2019-2-10-27-39mgimoconcept-232Research ArticleФИЛОСОФИЯRESEARCH ARTICLES. PHILOSOPHYКАРТЕЗИИСКИИ ДУАЛИЗМ И ФИЛОСОФИЯ РАЗУМА ПЛОТИНУСАCARTESIAN DUALISM AND PLOTINUS' PHILOSOPHY OF MINDРистецкиА. Д.RisteskiA. D.

Ристецки Александр - ассистент кафедры философии

Risteski Alexander - assistant Professor of philosophy

alekski114@gmail.comПриштинский университет в Косовской МитровицеРоссияUniversity of Pristina in Kosovska MitrovicaRussian Federation201915072019022739Copyright © Ристецки А.Д., 20192019Ристецки А.Д.Risteski A.D.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://concept.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/232

В этой статье я намерен решить несколько вопросов, касающихсянекото-рых толкований «философии разума» Плотина:

-              во-первых, я остановился на обосновании идеи о том, что Плотин был «первым картезианцем», за что выступали Джон Диллон и Э. К. Эмильссон. Идея была в основном защищена как предположение, что Плотин предвосхитил субстанциональный дуализм. Однако дуализм разум-тело, очевидный в философии Плотина, ни в коей мере не идентичен и не похож на картезианский, поскольку основные предпосылки метафизики Плотина не оставляют места для таких понятий. Другим аргументом является философское использование интроспекции как Плотином, так и Декартом. Тем не менее, я бы сказал, что именно метод использования интроспекции вносит большую разницу между двумя философами;

-              во-вторых, я остановился на идее Плотина как вестника посткартовыхнередук-ционистских представлений об отношениях между разумом и телом. Я утверждаю, что Плотин и его теория сознания не могут быть истолкованы как разновидность теорий, не приводящих к сокращению, поскольку «философия разума» Плотина в некотором смысле выходит за рамки редукционистских и ненаправленных дискуссий. На самом деле, не редукционисты больше похожи на картезианские взгляды, чем Плотин. Следовательно, сравнение философии Плотина с посткартезианскимневосстановлением мало чем отличается от сравнения с картезианским дуализмом.

Заключение статьи состоит в том, что философия ума может найти изучение философии Плотина очень полезным. Однако, обращая внимание на Плотина и древних философов в целом, мы не должны упускать из нашего внимания научные и философские парадигмы нашего времени, которые обусловливают наши подходы к проблемам и философии разума Плотинуса, многие из которых ещё только ожидают возможного решения.

In this paper my intention is to tackle a few issues concerning some interpretations of Plotinus' "philosophy of mind". Firstly, I will address the validity of the idea that Plotinus was "the first Cartesian", advocated by John Dillon and E.K. Emilsson. The idea has been mostly defended on the assumption that Plotinus had anticipated the substance dualism. However, the mind-body dualism evident in Plotinus' philosophy is in no way identical or similar to the Cartesian, since the basic premises of Plotinus' metaphysics do not make room for such notions. Another argument is the philosophical use of introspection by both Plotinus and Descartes. However, I would argue that it is exactly the way of employing the method of introspection what introduces a big difference between the two philosophers. Secondly, I will address the idea of Plotinus as a herald of post-Cartesian non-reductionist notions on the mind-body relationship. I argue that Plotinus and his theory of consciousness cannot be interpreted as a variation of the non-reductionst theories, since Plotinus' "philosophy of mind" in a way transcends the scope of the reductionists vs non-reductionists debates. In fact, non-reductionists share more similarities to Cartesian views, than Plotinus'. Hence comparing Plotinus' philosophy to post-Cartesian non-reductionism does not differ much from comparing it to Cartesian dualism. The conclusion of the paper is that philosophy of mind can find studying Plotinus' philosophy very rewarding. However, in paying attention to Plotinus and ancient philosophers in general, we should not miss to pay attention to the scientific and philosophical paradigms of our time that condition the way we approach a problem and anticipate a possible solution to it.

дуализмгносеологияматерияметафизикане физическиенередукционизмафизического редукционизмаdualismepistemologymattermetaphysicsnon-physicalnon-reductionismphysicalreductionismReferencesBroad C.D. The Mind and Its Place in Nature. London, New York, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & CO., LTD: Harcourt, Brace & Company, INC, 1925. 674 p.Broad C.D. The Mind and Its Place in Nature. London, New York, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & CO., LTD: Harcourt, Brace & Company, INC, 1925. 674 p.Chalmers D.J. The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Theory of Conscious Experience. New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996. 375 p.Chalmers D.J. The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Theory of Conscious Experience. New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996. 375 p.Cottingham J. The Mind-Body Relation. In S. Gaukroger (Ed.). The Blackwell Guide to Descartes' Meditations. Malden, MA; Oxford; Victoria, Blackwell Publishing. 2006. pp. 179-192.Cottingham J. The Mind-Body Relation. In S. Gaukroger (Ed.). The Blackwell Guide to Descartes' Meditations. Malden, MA; Oxford; Victoria, Blackwell Publishing. 2006. pp. 179-192.Descartes R. Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason. In E.S. Haldane & G.R.T. Ross (Trans.). The Philosophical Works of Descartes: Vol. I. London, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1911а. pp. 79-130.Descartes R. Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason. In E.S. Haldane & G.R.T. Ross (Trans.). The Philosophical Works of Descartes: Vol. I. London, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1911а. pp. 79-130.Descartes R. Meditations on First Philosophy. In E.S. Haldane & G.R.T. Ross (Trans.). The Philosophical Works of Descartes: Vol. I. London, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1911b. pp. 131-199.Descartes R. Meditations on First Philosophy. In E.S. Haldane & G.R.T. Ross (Trans.). The Philosophical Works of Descartes: Vol. I. London, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1911b. pp. 131-199.Descartes R. The Passions of the Soul. In E.S. Haldane & G.R.T. Ross (Trans.). The Philosophical Works of Descartes: Vol. I. London, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1911c. pp. 328-427.Descartes R. The Passions of the Soul. In E.S. Haldane & G.R.T. Ross (Trans.). The Philosophical Works of Descartes: Vol. I. London, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1911c. pp. 328-427.Descartes R. The Principles of Philosophy. In E.S. Haldane & G.R.T. Ross (Trans.), The Philosophical Works of Descartes: Vol. I. London, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1911d. pp. 201-302.Descartes R. The Principles of Philosophy. In E.S. Haldane & G.R.T. Ross (Trans.), The Philosophical Works of Descartes: Vol. I. London, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1911d. pp. 201-302.Dillon J. Plotinus, the First Cartesian? Hermathena. Dublin, Trinity College, 1990. pp. 19-31.Dillon J. Plotinus, the First Cartesian? Hermathena. Dublin, Trinity College, 1990. pp. 19-31.Emilsson E.K. Plotinus on Sense-Perception: A Philosophical Study. New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne, Sydney, Cambridge University Press, 1988. 179 p.Emilsson E.K. Plotinus on Sense-Perception: A Philosophical Study. New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne, Sydney, Cambridge University Press, 1988. 179 p.Emilsson, E.K. Plotinus. London , New York, Routledge, Taylor Francis Group, 2017. 410 p.Emilsson, E.K. Plotinus. London , New York, Routledge, Taylor Francis Group, 2017. 410 p.Frith C., Rees G. A Brief History of the Scientific Approach to the Study of Consciousness. In M. Vel-mans & S. Schneider (Eds.). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Malden, MA , Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2007. pp. 9-22.Frith C., Rees G. A Brief History of the Scientific Approach to the Study of Consciousness. In M. Vel-mans & S. Schneider (Eds.). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Malden, MA , Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2007. pp. 9-22.Furley D. Democritus and Epicurus on Sensible Qualities. In J. Brunschwig & M. C. Nussbaum (Eds.). Passions & Perceptions: Studies in Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind, Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium Hel-lenisticum. Cambridge, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1993. pp. 72-94.Furley D. Democritus and Epicurus on Sensible Qualities. In J. Brunschwig & M. C. Nussbaum (Eds.). Passions & Perceptions: Studies in Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind, Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium Hel-lenisticum. Cambridge, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1993. pp. 72-94.Griffin D.R. Unsnarling the World-Knot: Consciousness, Freedom, and the Mind-Body Problem. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, London, England, University of California Press, 1998. 266 p.Griffin D.R. Unsnarling the World-Knot: Consciousness, Freedom, and the Mind-Body Problem. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, London, England, University of California Press, 1998. 266 p.Guttenplan S. Reduction. In S. Guttenplan (Ed.). A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind (Blackwell Companions to Philosophy). Oxford, Cambridge, Blackwell Publishers, 1994. pp. 535-536.Guttenplan S. Reduction. In S. Guttenplan (Ed.). A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind (Blackwell Companions to Philosophy). Oxford, Cambridge, Blackwell Publishers, 1994. pp. 535-536.Hart W.D. Dualism. In S. Guttenplan (Ed.), A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind (Blackwell Companions to Philosophy). Oxford, Cambridge, Blackwell Publishers, 1994. pp. 265-269.Hart W.D. Dualism. In S. Guttenplan (Ed.), A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind (Blackwell Companions to Philosophy). Oxford, Cambridge, Blackwell Publishers, 1994. pp. 265-269.Hutchinson D.M. Plotinus on Consciousness. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2018. 210 p.Hutchinson D.M. Plotinus on Consciousness. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2018. 210 p.Inwood B. Seneca and Psychological Dualism. In J. Brunschwig & M. C. Nussbaum (Eds.), Passions & Perceptions: Studies in Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind, Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium Hellenisticum. Cambridge, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1993. pp. 150-183.Inwood B. Seneca and Psychological Dualism. In J. Brunschwig & M. C. Nussbaum (Eds.), Passions & Perceptions: Studies in Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind, Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium Hellenisticum. Cambridge, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1993. pp. 150-183.Jackson F. Epiphenomenal qualia. In M. Eckert (Ed.). Theories of Mind: An Introductory Reader. Lanham, Maryland, Rowman & Littlefield, 2006. pp. 102-112.Jackson F. Epiphenomenal qualia. In M. Eckert (Ed.). Theories of Mind: An Introductory Reader. Lanham, Maryland, Rowman & Littlefield, 2006. pp. 102-112.Kenny A. The Rise of Modern Philosophy. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 2006. 356 p.Kenny A. The Rise of Modern Philosophy. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 2006. 356 p.Kim J. Mind in a Physical World, An Essay on the Mind-Body Problem and Mental Causation. Cambridge, Massachusetts, A Bradford Book, The MIT Press, 1998. 146 p.Kim J. Mind in a Physical World, An Essay on the Mind-Body Problem and Mental Causation. Cambridge, Massachusetts, A Bradford Book, The MIT Press, 1998. 146 p.Kim J. Essays in the Metaphysics of Mind. New York, Oxford University Press, 2010. 317 p.Kim J. Essays in the Metaphysics of Mind. New York, Oxford University Press, 2010. 317 p.Plotinus. The Enneads (S. MacKenna, Trans.). London, Faber and Faber Limited,1917. 635 p.Plotinus. The Enneads (S. MacKenna, Trans.). London, Faber and Faber Limited,1917. 635 p.Rappe S. Self-Knowledge and Subjectivity in the Enneads. In L. P. Gerson (Ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Plotinus. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996. pp. 250-274.Rappe S. Self-Knowledge and Subjectivity in the Enneads. In L. P. Gerson (Ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Plotinus. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996. pp. 250-274.Rappe S. Reading Neoplatonism, Non-discursive Thinking in the Texts of Plotinus, Proclus and Damascus. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Cambridge University Press, 2000. 266 p.Rappe S. Reading Neoplatonism, Non-discursive Thinking in the Texts of Plotinus, Proclus and Damascus. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Cambridge University Press, 2000. 266 p.Risteski A. Approaching Descartes' Dualism: Reductionism of His Theory of Knowledge. In S. Gouveia & M. Curado (Eds.). Philosophy of Mind, Contemporary Perspectives. Newcastle, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2017. pp. 332-347.Risteski A. Approaching Descartes' Dualism: Reductionism of His Theory of Knowledge. In S. Gouveia & M. Curado (Eds.). Philosophy of Mind, Contemporary Perspectives. Newcastle, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2017. pp. 332-347.Ross D.L. Plotinus, the First Cartesian? Hermathena, No. 169, Essays on the Platonic Tradition: Joint Committee for Mediterranean & Near Eastern Studies. Dublin, Trinity College, 2000. pp. 153-167.Ross D.L. Plotinus, the First Cartesian? Hermathena, No. 169, Essays on the Platonic Tradition: Joint Committee for Mediterranean & Near Eastern Studies. Dublin, Trinity College, 2000. pp. 153-167.Ryle G. Descartes' Myth. In D. J. Chalmers (Ed.). Philosophy of Mind, Classical and Contemporary Readings. New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 32-38.Ryle G. Descartes' Myth. In D. J. Chalmers (Ed.). Philosophy of Mind, Classical and Contemporary Readings. New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 32-38.Searle J.R. The Rediscovery of the Mind. Massachusetts London, MIT Press Cambridge, 1992. 104 p. Van Riel R., Van Gulick, R. Scientific Reduction. In E.N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019). Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/scientific-reduction/ (accessed 10 June 2019).Searle J.R. The Rediscovery of the Mind. Massachusetts London, MIT Press Cambridge, 1992. 104 p. Van Riel R., Van Gulick, R. Scientific Reduction. In E.N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019). Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/scientific-reduction/ (accessed 10 June 2019).Westphal J. The Mind-Body Problem. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, The MIT Press, 2016. 222 p.Westphal J. The Mind-Body Problem. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, The MIT Press, 2016. 222 p.Aristotel. Fizika (S.U. Blagojevih, Trans.) [Physics (S.U. Blagoevich, Trans.)]. Belgrade, PAIDEIA, 2006. 459 p. (In Serbian).Aristotel. Fizika (S.U. Blagojevih, Trans.) [Physics (S.U. Blagoevich, Trans.)]. Belgrade, PAIDEIA, 2006. 459 p. (In Serbian).Gadamer Kh. G. Khegelova dijalektika (I. Marih, Ed.; E. Perunichih, Trans.) [Hegel's Dialectic (I. Marie, Ed.. Perunichi,, Trans.)]. Belgrade, ПЛАТО, 2003. 349 p. (In Serbian).Gadamer Kh. G. Khegelova dijalektika (I. Marih, Ed.; E. Perunichih, Trans.) [Hegel's Dialectic (I. Marie, Ed.. Perunichi,, Trans.)]. Belgrade, ПЛАТО, 2003. 349 p. (In Serbian).Eler K. Subjektivnost i samosvest u antitsi (E. Perunichih, Trans.) [The Subjectivity and consciousness in antici (E. Perunichi, Trans.)]. Belgrade, ПЛАТО, 2002. 101 p. (In Serbian).Eler K. Subjektivnost i samosvest u antitsi (E. Perunichih, Trans.) [The Subjectivity and consciousness in antici (E. Perunichi, Trans.)]. Belgrade, ПЛАТО, 2002. 101 p. (In Serbian).Platon. Dijalozi: Teetet i Fileb (V. Gortan & M. Sironih, Prev.) [Dialogues: Teetet And Fileb (V Gortan & M. Sironi, Prev.)]. Zagreb, ITRO «Forward», 1979. 196 p. (In Serbian).Platon. Dijalozi: Teetet i Fileb (V. Gortan & M. Sironih, Prev.) [Dialogues: Teetet And Fileb (V Gortan & M. Sironi, Prev.)]. Zagreb, ITRO «Forward», 1979. 196 p. (In Serbian).Plotin. Eneade I-VI (S.U. Blagojevih, Trans.) [Eneade I-VI (S.U. Blagoevich, trans.)]. Belgrade, Niro «Kiz-izhevne newspaper», 1984. 917 p. (In Serbian).Plotin. Eneade I-VI (S.U. Blagojevih, Trans.) [Eneade I-VI (S.U. Blagoevich, trans.)]. Belgrade, Niro «Kiz-izhevne newspaper», 1984. 917 p. (In Serbian).Khegel G.V.F. Nauka logike, Trehi deo, Subjektivna logika ili uche^e o pojmu (N. Popovih, Trans.) [Science of logic, Treii deo, subjective logic or uche OE by concept (N. Popovib, trans.)]. Belgrade publishing and graphic Institute, 1987. 266 p. (In Serbian).Khegel G.V.F. Nauka logike, Trehi deo, Subjektivna logika ili uche^e o pojmu (N. Popovih, Trans.) [Science of logic, Treii deo, subjective logic or uche OE by concept (N. Popovib, trans.)]. Belgrade publishing and graphic Institute, 1987. 266 p. (In Serbian).

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.