mgimoconceptКонцепт: философия, религия, культураConcept: philosophy, religion, culture2541-88312619-0540МГИМО10.24833/2541-8831-2020-1-13-49-59mgimoconcept-353Research ArticleФИЛОСОФИЯRESEARCH ARTICLES. PHILOSOPHYКак закончить холодную войнуHow to End a Cold WarФоглесонД. С.FoglesongD. S.

Фоглесон Дэвид C. – PhD (История), профессор, специалист по современным США и американо-российским отношениям

Школа искусства и науки, отдел истории

08901-1108, Нью Брунсвик, Нью Джерси, Семинари плэйс, 16

David S. Foglesong – PhD (History), Professor of History at Rutgers

08901-1108, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Seminary Place, 16

dsfogle@history.rutgers.eduРутгерс, Государственный университет штата Нью ДжерсиСоединённые Штаты АмерикиThe State University of New JerseyUnited States202006072020414959Copyright © Фоглесон Д.С., 20202020Фоглесон Д.С.Foglesong D.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://concept.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/353

Научные исследования, посвящённые проблеме окончания Холодной войны, обычно делают акцент на роли, которую сыграли в этом процессе лидеры США и СССР. При этом редко вспоминают о важности прекращения противостояния Запада и Востока. Между тем ещё до того, как Р. Рейган и М.С. Горбачев встретились в Женеве в ноябре 1985 г., граждане США, СССР и стран Европы, обеспокоенные опасностью ядерной войны, создали ряд организаций, призванных преодолеть враждебность между их государствами. Британские члены комитета Европейского ядерного разоружения и американские активисты таких организаций, как Beyond War (За мир без войны) и Peace Links (Мирные связи), установили контакты с независимыми группами в Восточной Европе и Советском Союзе, а также с Комитетом советских женщин и Советским комитетом защиты мира. Эти отношения сделали возможным организацию очень амбициозных гражданских дипломатических проектов. Сотни советских граждан выступили с устными выступлениями во многих городах США, а многочисленные активисты из Британии и Америки посетили Советский Союз. Этот обмен рассеял отрицательные стереотипы и помог положить конец взаимной демонизации, лежавшей в основе Холодной войны с конца 1940-х гг. Анализ опыта «гражданской дипломатии» 1980-х гг. помогает современным международным отношениям вынести уроки о важности отказа от одностороннего возложения вины за конфликты, а также от взаимных обвинений, касающихся прошлого, чтобы развивать сотрудничество в настоящем и будущем.

Histories of the end of the Cold War that have focused on the roles of the top leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union have neglected an important dimension of the ending of the antagonism between the West and the East. Before Ronald Reagan and M.S. Gorbachev met at Geneva in November 1985, citizens of the USA, the USSR, and European nations who were alarmed by the danger of nuclear war formed new organizations dedicated to overcoming the hostility between their nations. British members of European Nuclear Disarmament and American activists in groups such as Beyond War and Peace Links established connections to independent groups in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union as well as the Committee of Soviet Women and the Committee for the Defense of Peace in the USSR. These relationships made it possible to organize very ambitious citizen diplomacy projects. Hundreds of Soviet citizens made extensive speaking tours in the United States while numerous British and American activists visited the Soviet Union. These exchanges dispelled negative stereotypes and helped to end the mutual demonization that had been central to the Cold War since the late 1940s. Analysis of the experiences of the citizen diplomats in the 1980s yields lessons for contemporary international relations about the importance of avoiding one-sided blame for conflicts and the need to move beyond recriminations about the past in order to develop cooperation in the present and future.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.