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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimoconcept</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Концепт: философия, религия, культура</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Concept: philosophy, religion, culture</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2541-8831</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0540</issn><publisher><publisher-name>МГИМО</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/2541-8831-2021-1-17-110-120</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimoconcept-478</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КУЛЬТУРОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES. CULTUROLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>От премодерна до наших дней: хиджаб иранских женщин как перформатив</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Iranian Women’s Veiling as a Gender Performance: Since Premodern Era to the Current Age</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хадем Максус Хоссейни</surname><given-names>Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khadem Makhsuos Hosseini</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лейла Хадэм Максус Хоссейни — кандидат культурологии, независимый исследователь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leila Khadem Makhsuos Hosseini — PhD (Сultural Studies), independent researcher</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">leila.hosseiny60@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Независимый исследователь, Тегеран, Иран</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Independent Researcher, Tehran, Iran</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>04</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>110</fpage><lpage>120</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хадем Максус Хоссейни Л., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хадем Максус Хоссейни Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khadem Makhsuos Hosseini L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://concept.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/478">https://concept.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/478</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена вопросу женской мусульманской одежды в Иране, отношениям и нормам, с которыми связана одежда. Настоящее исследование охватывает обсуждение хиджаба, регулирование одеяний государством и самими женщинами, начиная с шахской эпохи (до первой конституции Ирана и после её принятия) и заканчивая современным этапом. Методологически работа опирается на культурологический подход, рассматривающий представления, нормы, отношения и нарративы. В данном случае, в центре внимания исследователя находятся дискурсы, конструирующие предписания и нормы. Взяв на вооружение теоретический аппарат перформативной теории Дж. Батлер, автор рассматривает ношение хиджаба как конкретный гендерный перформатив, который конструирует и репрезентирует личность. Центральный исследовательский вопрос заключается в том, каким образом использование иранскими женщинами одежд, скрывающих тело, взятое как гендерный перформатив, связано с конкурирующими дискурсами в иранском обществе и как следование предписываемой «норме» ношения хиджаба даёт женщинам свободу действий на практике. Предполагается, что картина принуждения женщин слишком проста: на деле ношение хиджаба определено не только доминирующими дискурсами. Скорее, женщины как активные агенты могут изменять эти нормы, следуя обязанности ношения хиджаба, делать это по-своему, отклоняясь от нормы и изменяя её. В разные эпохи хиджабу придавались разные символические значения, начиная от скромности, отсталости, национализма, революционности и заканчивая демонстрацией протеста. Нормативность хиджаба, навязанная исламскими властями в домодерном Иране, исчезла вместе с секуляризацией государства до революции 1979 г., но после вернулась — сначала как вызов государству, а потом вновь как навязанный императив — и в конечном счете была адаптирована современными женщинами. Таким образом, хиджаб в Иране нагружен большим культурным и политическим значением, и в каждом дискурсе (религиозном или секуляризованном) сигнализирует либо о субъектности женщины, либо о её маргинальном статусе, разделяет одетых и неодетых в хиджаб, правильно и неправильно носящих это одеяние. Навязанное, упраздненное и вновь навязанное ношение хиджаба в русле различных дискурсов, однако, не столь успешно с точки зрения утверждения тотальной нормы. Данные свидетельствуют: сегодня иранские женщины, имея доступ к образованию и мировым СМИ, могут рефлексировать по поводу собственной идентичности и формировать её. В наши дни практики ношения хиджаба, ориентирующиеся на моду и стиль, представляют собой следование формальному правилу, которое само по себе противостоит навязанной норме. Укладываясь в исламский постулат о закрытом теле, новый модный хиджаб отклоняется от рамок, продиктованных долговременной политикой исламского Ирана, и тем самым, как ни парадоксально, угрожает исламскому дискурсу. Именно поэтому новшества в традиционном одеянии рассматриваются на высоком уровне как скрытая мягкая война, навязанная Ирану западной культурой. Главный вывод таков: между практикой ношения хиджаба женщинами — действующими субъектами и устойчивостью доминирующего дискурса существует диалектическая связь.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Iranian women’s veiling, as one of the major concerns of both women and the state, has been the subject of various studies. The present study in its broad range of investigation covers discussion of Iranian women’s hijab since pre-modern Iran to the current age. Meanwhile, it is more than a new historicist reflection on the way discourses construct norms. Here, within the framework of Butler’s performative theory, veiling is approached as a gender performance, which constructs and represents the identity of the wearer. The question is how Iranian women’s veiling as a gender performance is associated with competing discourses, and how recitations of veiling give them agency. It is hypothesized that women are not simply imposed the norm of veiling by the dominant discourses; rather, as active agents they can change the norms as they perform deviated recitation of norm of veiling. Veiling as a signifier has given different significations in each era, ranging from modesty, backwardness, nationalism, revolutionary, to displaying protest. We address the meanings that different dressing styles represent in three eras of pre-constitutional, post-constitutional, and postrevolutionary in Iran. Homogenized imposed veiling by Islamic authorities in pre-modern Iran, withdrew with secularization of state, was invoked as sign of revolution against the state, re-imposed by the state and ultimately fashioned by women. Thus, veiling in Iran is burdened with more cultural and even political meaning. In each discourse, the performance of veiling style defines women’s subjectivity as normal or abject. Women to be identified as viable subject perform the norms of religious or secularized modern discourse. The two produced binary polar, representing two kinds of subjectivities produced a gap between veiled, unveiled women or properly veiled and misveiled women. The imposed, removed and re-imposed hijab has not been the terminal decision of discourses. It is confirmed that today, Iranian women, supplied with education and global media can reflexively consider and fashion their identity. Nowadays, Iranian women’s fashion hijab is a deviated recitation of the idealized norm to resist the imposed norm. Fashion hijab as a deviated recitation of originally intended hijab by Islamic state is a threat to the Islamic discourse. Therefore, it is regarded as soft war imposed by Western culture on Iran. It is concluded that there has been a dialectical relationship between veiling performance of subjects as agents and viability of the dominant discourse.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гендерный перформатив</kwd><kwd>следование норме</kwd><kwd>женщины в Иране</kwd><kwd>хиджаб</kwd><kwd>конкурирующие дискурсы</kwd><kwd>доконституционный период в Иране</kwd><kwd>Иран после первой конституции</kwd><kwd>Иран после исламской революции</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gender performativity</kwd><kwd>recitation of norms</kwd><kwd>Iranian women</kwd><kwd>veiling</kwd><kwd>competing discourses</kwd><kwd>preand post-constitutional and post-revolutionary era</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Butler J.P. Bodies that Matter : on the Discursive Limits of “Sex.” — New York ; London : Routledge, 2011. 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