<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimoconcept</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Концепт: философия, религия, культура</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Concept: philosophy, religion, culture</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2541-8831</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0540</issn><publisher><publisher-name>МГИМО</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/2541-8831-2024-3-31-97-110</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimoconcept-925</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНАЯ КОММУНИКАЦИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES. INTERCULTURAL COMMNUNICATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Индексация или инсинуация: ранжирование государств как инструмент политического манипулирования и (пост)культурного влияния</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Indexing or Insinuation: Ranking States as a Manipulation Tool for Political and (Post)Cultural Influence</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4951-6214</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Агрба</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Agrba</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лана Алексеевна Агрба — кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры романо-германских языков</p><p>384900, г. Сухум, ул. Университетская, 1.  (Республика Абхазия)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lana A. Agrba — PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Roman and German Languages, 1, Universitetskaya St., Sukhum, Abkhazia, 384900</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lagrba@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Абхазский Государственный Университет<country>Абхазия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Abkhazian State University<country>Abkhazia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>97</fpage><lpage>110</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Агрба Л.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Агрба Л.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Agrba L.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://concept.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/925">https://concept.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/925</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье критическому осмыслению подвергаются критерии, нормы и процедуры индексирования, которые стали популярны в последние годы и активно внедряются во все сферы жизни. В фокусе исследовательского внимания оценка критериев определения «состоятельности государств» на основе количественной обработки данных. Утверждается, что под индексированием часто скрывают инструменты влияния, которые приводят к углублению неравенства, нездоровой конкуренции и разобщенности между странами. Согласно авторской гипотезе, скрытой целью подобных классификаций является стигматизация и фаворитизм, желание оказать политическое влияние, намеренно занижая статус одних государств и возвышая другие. Ранжирование применяется с одной стороны, для того, чтобы подчеркнуть неравенство стран, определить круг «своих» и «чужих», а с другой — чтобы свести всё к одинаковым критериям, стандартам, без должного анализа и понимания контекста, исторических предпосылок, этно-национальных, культурных, религиозных особенностей. Материалами исследования послужили документы, представленные различными организациями, включая неправительственные, а также аналитические и исследовательские работы, посвящённые анализу феномена ранжирования.  Цель исследования — проанализировать инструменты манипулирования, осуществляемые через оценку состоятельности государств. В спектр задач исследования входят: критическое осмысление механизмов ранжирования, раскрытие манипулятивного потенциала «игровых стратегий» с индексированием, а также анализ отдельных кейсов, указывающих на сомнительность процедуры оценки эффективности управления и состоятельности государств на основе анализа статистических данных, без учёта всего комплекса составляющих, важных для определения их действенности. В результате показано, что под видом индексирования применяются практики по манипулированию массовым сознанием и «мягкому» влиянию на режимы отдельных стран, а целые регионы становятся объектом оценочно-сравнительных суждений и выводов, основанных на субъективном мнении «экспертов».</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article critically examines the criteria, norms and procedures of indexing that have become popular in recent years and are being increasingly implemented in all spheres of life. The research focuses on the assessment of criteria for determining the capacity of states based on quantitative data processing. It is argued that indexing often implies tools for influence which lead to deepening inequality, unhealthy competition and disagreements between countries. According to the author's hypothesis, the hidden purpose of such classifications is stigmatization and favoritism, the desire to exert political influence, deliberately underestimating the status of some states and elevating others. On the one hand ranking is used to emphasize the inequality of countries, to define friends and foes, or inner and outer circles, and on the other hand — to reduce everything to the same criteria, standards, without proper analysis and understanding of the context, historical background, national, cultural, religious characteristics. The materials for the study were documents submitted by various organizations, including non-governmental organizations, as well as analytical and research works devoted to the analysis of the ranking phenomenon. The purpose of the study is to analyze the tools for manipulation carried out through the assessment of the capacity of states. The research tasks include: critical understanding of ranking mechanisms, disclosure of the manipulative potential of game strategies with indexing, as well as the analysis of individual cases indicating the dubiousness of the procedure for evaluating the capacity of states based on the analysis of statistical data, without taking into account the entire complex of components that determine state effectiveness. The study shows that under the guise of indexing, manipulative practices and soft influence on the states political regimes are used, thus entire regions become the object of evaluative and subjective judgments of the so-called experts.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>индексирование</kwd><kwd>ранжирование</kwd><kwd>политическое манипулирование</kwd><kwd>состоятельность государств</kwd><kwd>статус</kwd><kwd>имидж</kwd><kwd>стереотипы</kwd><kwd>стигматизация</kwd><kwd>фаворитизм</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>indexing</kwd><kwd>ranking</kwd><kwd>political manipulation</kwd><kwd>capacity of states</kwd><kwd>status</kwd><kwd>image</kwd><kwd>stereotypes</kwd><kwd>stigmatization</kwd><kwd>favoritism</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеева И. Ю. Индекс счастья и конец истории // Философия и общество. — 2019. — № 4 (93). — С. 56–64. https://doi.org/10.30884/jfio/2019.04.03</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseeva, I. Y. (2019) ‘Indeks schast’ya i konets istorii [The Happiness Index and the End of History]’, Philosophy and society, (4), pp. 56–64. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.30884/jfio/2019.04.03</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белоусова И.А. Проблемы и перспективы рейтингового оценивания политической стабильности // Вестник РУДН. Серия Политология. — 2015. — № 3. — С. 35–46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anderson, C. and Kilduff, G. J. (2009) ‘The Pursuit of Status in Social Groups’, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(5), pp. 295–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01655.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глигич-Золотарева М.В. Международные рейтинги как инструменты глобального влияния // Россия: тенденции и перспективы развития. — Москва: ИНИОН РАН, 2015. — С. 246–249.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bartolini, S. (2005) Restructuring Europe: Centre Formation, System Building, and Political Structuring between the Nation State and the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press (Oxford scholarship online). https://doi.org/10.1093/0199286434.001.0001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горельский И.Е., Миронюк М.Г. Взбираясь по «статусной лестнице»: Опыт эмпирического исследования связи статуса государства в системе международных отношений и государственной состоятельности // Политическая наука. — 2019. — № 3. — С. 140–174. https://doi.org/10.31249/poln/2019.03.06</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beaumont, P. and Towns, A. E. (2021) ‘The Rankings Game: A Relational Approach to Country Performance Indicators’, International Studies Review, 23(4), pp. 1467–1494. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/ viab017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов В.Г., Иванова М.Г. «Charts power» — страновые рейтинги как экономическое оружие и инструмент мягкой силы // Вестник РУДН: серия «Политология». — 2015. — № 2. — С. 36–51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belousova, I. A. (2015) ‘The Problems and Prospects of Rating Assessment of Political Stability’, Bulletin of Russian Peoples’ Friendship University. Series Political Sciences, (3), pp. 35–46. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Миронюк М.Г., Тимофеев И.Н., Ваславский Я.И. Универсальные сравнения с использованием количественных методов анализа (Обзор прецедентов) // Полис. Политические исследования. — 2006. — № 5. — С. 39–57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelley, C. et al. (2017) ‘Power and Status: The Building Blocks of Effective Leadership’, Journal of</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Опыт классификации стран / А. Ю. Мельвиль, М. В. Ильин, Е. Ю. Мелешкина [и др.] // Полис. Политические исследования. — 2006. — № 5. — С. 15–38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Character and Leadership Development, 4(1 SE-Articles). https://jcldusafa.org/index.php/jcld/article/view/179</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пономарева Е.Г. Зарытов П.И. Современная Украина: оценка государственной состоятельности (1991–2016) // Дискурс-Пи. — 2018. — № 3-4. — С. 57–71. https://doi.org/10.17506/dipi.2018.32.3.5771</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cooley, A. and Snyder, J. (2015) ‘Rank Has Its Privileges’, Foreign Affairs, (94), p. 101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рахманкулова Н.Ф. Можно ли измерить счастье? // Философия и общество. — 2021. — № 2. — С. 91–106. https://doi.org/10.30884/jfio/2021.02.06</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cooley, A. and Snyder, J. (eds) (2015) Ranking the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316161555</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Структура и Логика построения индексов в проекте "Политический атлас современности" / М. В. Ильин, М. Г. Миронюк, Е. Ю. Мелешкина [и др.] // Политическая наука. — 2007. — № 3. — С. 118– 150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gligich-Zolotareva, M. V. (2015) ‘Mezhdunarodnyye reytingi kak instrumenty global’nogo vliyaniya [International ratings as instruments of global influence]’, in Rossiya: tendentsii i perspektivy razvitiya [Russia: trends and development prospects]. Moscow: INION RAN Publ., pp. 246–249. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шевский Д. Что такое крушение государства? // Международные процессы. — 2020. — Т. 18, № 3. — С. 67–85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorelskiy, I. E. and Mironyuk, M. . (2019) ‘Climbing the status ladder: an experiment in empirical research of relation between status of a state in the system of international relations and state capacity’, Political science, (3), pp. 140–174. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31249/poln/2019.03.06</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson C., Kilduff G.J. The Pursuit of Status in Social Groups // Current Directions in Psychological Science. — 2009. — Vol. 18, № 5. — P. 295–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01655.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ilyin, M. V. et al. (2007) ‘Struktura i Logika postroyeniya indeksov v proyekte “Politicheskiy atlas sovremennosti” [The Structure and Logic of Index Construction in the Project “Political Atlas of Modernity”]’, Political science, (3), pp. 118–150. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bartolini S. Restructuring Europe: Centre Formation, System Building, and Political Structuring between the Nation State and the European Union. — Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. — 444 p. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199286434.001.0001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov, V. G. and Ivanova, M. G. (2015) ‘“Charts Power” — International Ratings as an Economic Weapon and a Tool of Soft Power. Part 1’, Bulletin of Russian Peoples’ Friendship University. Series Political Sciences, (2), pp. 36–51. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beaumont P., Towns A.E. The Rankings Game: A Relational Approach to Country Performance Indicators // International Studies Review. — 2021. — Vol. 23, № 4. — P. 1467–1494. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viab017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelley, J. G. (2017) Scorecard Diplomacy: Grading States to Influence their Reputation and Behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108186100</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Power and Status: The Building Blocks of Effective Leadership / Ch. Kelley, J. Dobbs, J. Lucas, M. Lovaglia // Journal of Character and Leadership Development. — 2017. — Vol. 4, № 1 SE-Articles. https://jcldusafa.org/index.php/jcld/article/view/179</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melvil, A. Y. et al. (2006) ‘Essay of Countries Classification’, Polis. Political Studies, (5), pp. 39–57. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cooley A., Snyder J. Rank Has Its Privileges // Foreign Affairs. — 2015. — № 94. — P. 101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Milliken, J. and Krause, K. (2002) ‘State Failure, State Collapse, and State Reconstruction: Concepts, Lessons and Strategies’, Development and Change, 33(5), pp. 753–774. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660. t01-1-00247</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kelley J.G. Scorecard Diplomacy: Grading States to Influence their Reputation and Behavior. — Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. — XXII, 355 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mironyuk, M. G., Timofeyev, V. V. and Vaslavskiy, Y. I. (2006) ‘Universal comparisons, with quantitative methods of analysis applied (a review of precedents)’, Polis. Political Studies, (5), pp. 39–57. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Milliken J., Krause K. State Failure, State Collapse, and State Reconstruction: Concepts, Lessons and Strategies // Development and Change. — 2002. — Vol. 33, No. 5. — P. 753–774. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.t01-1-00247</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ponomareva, E. and Zarytov, P. (2018) ‘The Modern Ukraine: The Evaluation of State Capability (1991–2016)’, Discourse-P, 32–33(3–4), pp. 57–71 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17506/dipi.2018.32.3.5771</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ranking the World / ed. Cooley A., Snyder J. — Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. — XIV, 241 p. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316161555</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rakhmankulova, N. F. (2021) ‘Mozhno li izmerit’ schast’ye? [Can happiness be measured?]’, Philosophy and society, (2), pp. 91–106. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.30884/jfio/2021.02.06</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rothstein B. Good Governance // The Oxford Handbook of Governance / ed. Levi-Faur D. — Oxford:</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rothstein, B. (2012) ‘Good Governance’, in Levi-Faur, D. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199560530.013.0010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oxford University Press, 2012. — P. 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199560530.013.0010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schueth, S. (2011) ‘Assembling International Competitiveness: The Republic of Georgia, USAID, and the Doing Business Project’, Economic Geography, 87(1), pp. 51–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.19448287.2010.01103.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schueth S. Assembling International Competitiveness: The Republic of Georgia, USAID, and the Doing Business Project // Economic Geography. — 2011. — Vol. 87, № 1. — P. 51–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2010.01103.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shevsky, D. (2020) ‘What Is State Failure?’, International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy, 18(3), pp. 67–85. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17994/IT.2020.18.3.62.7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith P.K., Magee J.C. The interpersonal nature of power and status // Current Opinion in Behavioral</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith, P. K. and Magee, J. C. (2015) ‘The interpersonal nature of power and status’, Current Opinion in</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sciences. — 2015. — Vol. 3. — P. 152–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.04.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Behavioral Sciences, 3, pp. 152–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.04.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sohn Y. South Korea under the United States–China rivalry: dynamics of the economic-security nexus in trade policymaking // The Pacific Review. — 2019. — Vol. 32, № 6. — P. 1019–1040. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2019.1617770</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sohn, Y. (2019) ‘South Korea under the United States–China rivalry: dynamics of the economic-security nexus in trade policymaking’, The Pacific Review, 32(6), pp. 1019–1040. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.20 19.1617770</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tilly C. The Formation of National States in Western Europe. — Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975. — 711 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tilly, C. (1975) The Formation of National States in Western Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weber M. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. — Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978. — 1469 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weber, M. (1978) Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley: University of California Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
