PHILANTHROPIST AND ARTIST IN RUSSIA OF THE XIX – BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURIES (SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT)

Philanthropy in Russia of the XIX - beginning of XX centuries had its special features, owing to the nature of the artistic process of that time, as well as to socio-psychological specifics of the group of commercial and industrial estates, providing patronage of arts. Moscow merchants-artisans were the embodiment of most of the qualities (such as patriarchal religious commitment, entrepreneurial spirit, the desire to influence social processes and “to keep up to date”). In those circumstances the formula of “wealth obligating” formed a large-scale and a versatile charity applicable to the art as well. Due to their huge wealth, merchants-patrons could not only be engaged in collecting, but also affect the artistic process by supporting certain directions of painting, creating theatres and art centers. So there was a certain “union” between artists-realists of social direction and merchant-benefactors (K.T. Soldatyonkov, P.M. Tretyakov). Along with that, there were serious contradictions in “artist-patron” relations, resulting from the psychologically conflict “meeting” of wealth and poverty, as well as the problem of the picture “evaluation”. The virtuous rejection of money power and the entire “dark kingdom” by artists (especially the revealing genre) simultaneously coupled with the dependence on its educated representatives. The contradictory influence of patronage sometimes was caused by insufficient education of art lovers and their adherence to “snobbery and fashion”.

1. Golubinaya kniga: Russkie narodnye duhovnye stihi XI-XIX vv. [Pigeon book: Russian folk spiritual poems XI-XIX centuries] / Sost., vstupit. stat’ya, primech. L.F. Soloshchenko, YU.S. Prokoshina. Moscow, Moscow worker, 1991. 351 p. (In Russian).

2. Demskaya A.A., Semenova N.YU. U Shchukina, na Znamenke … [At Shchukin, Znamenka …]. Moscow, Capital Bank, 1993. 160 p. (In Russian).

3. Dynnikova I.V. Morozovskij hor v kontekste staroobryadcheskoj kul’tury nachala XX veka [Morozov choir in the context of the old believers ‘ culture of the early XX century]. Moscow, “Indrik”, 2009. 440 p. (In Russian).

4. Kramskoj I.N. Pis’ma. V 2 t.: T. 1. 1862-1875 [Letters. In 2 volumes: Vol. 1. 1862-1875]. Moscow, State publishing house of fine arts, 1937a. 350 p. (In Russian).

5. Kramskoj I.N. Pis’ma. V 2 t.: T. 2. 1876-1887 [Letters. In 2 volumes: Vol. 2. 1876-1887]. Moscow, State publishing house of fine arts, 1937b. 469 p. (In Russian).

6. Lapshin V.P. Biografiya portreta F.M. Dostoevskogo v pis’mah, otzyvah, dokumentah i vospominaniyah [Portrait Biography of F. M. Dostoevsky in letters, reviews, documents and memoirs]. Panorama iskusstv. 77 [View of the arts. 77]. Moscow, Soviet artist, 1978. pp. 242-264 (In Russian).

7. Lyaskovskaya O.A. V.G. Perov. RGALI. F. 990. GTG.Op. №2.e/h 46. l. 148 (In Russian).

8. Muratov P. Shchukinskaya galereya. Ocherk iz istorii novejshej zhivopisi [Shchukin gallery. Essay on the history of contemporary art]. Russkaya mysl’ - Russian thought, 1908, no. 8, pp. 116-138 (In Russian).

9. Nesterov M.V. O perezhitom. 1862-1917. Vospominaniya [About the experience. 1862-1917. Memory lane]. Moscow, Young guard, 2006. 583 p. (In Ruissian).

10. Petrov YU.A. Etnokonfessional’nyj faktor v kontekste moskovskogo predprinimatel’stva, vtoraya polovina XIX – nachala XX vekov [Ethno-religious factor in the context of entrepreneurship, Moscow, second half of XIX – early XX centuries]. Staroobryadchestvo v Rossii (XVII-XX vv.): sb. nauch. tr. Vyp. 4 [The old Believers in Russia (XVII-XX centuries): collection of scientific works. Vol. 4] / Otv.red. i sost. E.M. Yuhimenko. Moscow, Languages of Slavic cultures, 2010. pp. 688-698 (In Russian).

11. Perov V.G. Rasskazy hudozhnika [Stories of the artist] / Sost., avt. vstup. st. i prim. A. Leonov. Moscow, Ed. Academy of Arts of the USSR, 1960. 191 p. (In Russian).

12. Ryabushinskij V.P. Staroobryadchestvo i russkoe religioznoe chuvstvo [Ryabushinsky old belief and the Russian religious feeling]. Moscow, The Bridges of culture, 2010. 452 p. (In Russian).

13. 1000 let russkogo predprinimatel’stva: Iz istorii kupecheskih rodov [1000 years of Russian business: from the history of merchant families] / Sost., vstup. st, primech. O. Platonova; ukazatel’ imen YU. Bashilova. Moscow, Sovremennik, 1995. 479 p.

14. Hudozhestvennyj zhurnal [Art journal], 1882. Vol. III. April. p. 246 (In Russian).

15. Hudozhestvennyj zhurnal [Art journal], 1883. Vol. V. March. pp. 218-219 (In Russian).

16. Shcherbatov S. Hudozhnik v ushedshej Rossii [The Artist in old Russia]. Soglasie – Consent, 1991, no. 7, pp. 160-189 (In Russian).