CALLIGRAPHIC TRADITIONS IN CULTURE AND EEUCATION OF MODERN CHINA

Modern processes among Chinese citizens in the field of studying history of their culture convincingly demonstrate an increasing consistent interest in such an important part of it as writing and calligraphy traditions. After detailed analysis of the fundamental documents that control returning calligraphy to the basic school curriculum, it is possible to point out a strong tendency in sustained government support for calligraphy-based courses both as compulsory or additional education. University education also includes calligraphy. Currently, the Government of China is carrying out an educational reform focusing on teaching calligraphy in primary and secondary education; well-qualified teachers are being trained for carrying out this reform. Also there is another arousing interest in teaching calligraphy skills for the aged, which accords with the general direction of social work with a “culture of age” represented by Chinese traditions. The population interest in calligraphy is supported by the cultural-educational activities of numerous calligraphic associations.

The recent discussions on calligraphy training demonstrate that this type of activity is not inferior to the pressure of digital technologies, but on the contrary, demonstrate that it still remains as a mean of communication between people, is used by government as another mean for increasing cultural level of the population, for preserving and increasing national cultural heritage.

The methodology of studying mentioned questions is based on a content analysis of Chinese media publications, as well as the fundamental documents that are provided for public access on official websites of the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China and on the university websites which implement and develop the latest strategy in calligraphy teacher training program. The main result of the study could be considered as clarifying the role of calligraphy in modern Chinese culture, where an intentional return to this method of mastering traditions is associated with the desire to incorporate the best of the previous achievements, and combine it with the desire to withstand the negative consequences of the changed living rhythm of modern society.

1. Aleksakhin A.N. Alfavit kitaĭskogo iazyka putunkhua. Bukva – fonema – zvuk rechi – slog – slovo [The Chinese language alphabet of Putonghua. Letter – phoneme – sound of speech – syllable – word]. 4th edition, revised and supplemented. Moscow, VKN Publishing House, 2018. 212 p. (In Russian).

2. Aleksakhin A.N. Vzaimodeĭstvie ieroglificheskogo i zvukobukvennogo standartov slova kitaĭskogo iazyka putunkhua [The interaction of the hieroglyphic and sound-letter standards of the word of the Chinese language Putonghua]. Vestnik MGIMO Universiteta – Bulletin of MGIMO University, 2010, no. 1 (10), pp. 128-135 (In Russian).

3. Aleksakhin A.N. Dve pisʹmennye formy slova kitaĭskogo iazyka putunkhua v mezhtsivilizatsionnom kontakte Vostoka i Zapada [Two written forms of the Chinese language word for Putonghua in the intercivilizational contact of East and West]. Gumanizatsiia obrazovaniia – Humanization of education, 2016, no. 5, pp. 34-39 (In Russian).

4. Aleksakhin A.N. Sovremennaia politika KNR v otnoshenii ieroglificheskoĭ i bukvennoĭ pisʹmennosti [The modern policy of the PRC in relation to hieroglyphic and alphabetic writing]. Vestnik MGIMO Universiteta – Bulletin of MGIMO University, 2011, no. 3 (18), pp. 243-252 (In Russian).

5. Arapov O.G. «Imaginativnaia filosofiia» IA. Golosovkera i «Imazhinativnaia metafizika» G. Bashliara: dve modeli filosofii voobrazheniia [“Imaginative philosophy” by Y. Golosovker and “Imaginative metaphysics” of G. Bachelard: two models of philosophy of imagination]. Vestnik RUDN. Seriia: Filosofiia – Bulletin of the RUDN University. Series: Philosophy, 2017, no. 2, pp. 158-164 (In Russian).

6. Belozerova V.G. Iskusstvo kitaĭskoĭ kalligrafii [The art of Chinese calligraphy]. Moscow, RSHU, 2007. 481 p. (In Russian).

7. Belozerova V.G. Osobennosti razvitiia kalligraficheskoĭ traditsii Kitaia [Features of the development of the calligraphic tradition of China]. Novoe videnie kulʹtury mira v XXI veke [A new vision of a culture of peace in the XXI century]. Vladivostok, FESTU Publishing House, 2003. pp. 187-191 (In Russian).

8. Belozerova V.G. Psikhologicheskie aspekty tvorchestva kitaĭskogo kalligrafa i rolʹ kalligrafii v razvitii ėtnicheskogo samosoznaniia i samoponimaniia [Psychological aspects of the work of a Chinese calligrapher and the role of calligraphy in the development of ethnic self-awareness and self-understanding]. Mir psikhologii – World of Psychology, 2004, no. 3, pp. 86-95 (In Russian).

9. Voevoda E.V. Lingvostranovedcheskie issledovaniia i mezhkulʹturnaia kommunikatsiia [Linguistic and Regional Studies and Intercultural Communication]. Nauchnye issledovaniia i razrabotki. Sovremennaia kommunikativistika – Scientific Research and Development. Modern Communication Studies, 2016, vol. 5, no. 4. pp. 68-71 (In Russian).

10. Voevoda E.V. Tsifrovizatsiia: novye vozmozhnosti i vyzovy dlia iazykovogo obrazovaniia [Digitalization: new opportunities and challenges for language education]. Iazykovoĭ diskurs v sotsialʹnoĭ praktike. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov Mezhdunarodnoĭ nauchno-prakticheskoĭ konferentsii [Language discourse in social practice. Collection of scientific papers of the International scientific-practical conference]. Tver, Tver State University, 2019. pp. 16-20 (In Russian).

11. Glagolev V.S. Obraznye iazyki sovremennoĭ kulʹtury: ėkrannaia realʹnostʹ i “ruchnoe pisʹmo” v ėpokhu kompʹiuternogo shrifta [Figurative languages of modern culture: screen reality and “handwriting” in the era of computer font]. Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriia: Filosofiia - Bulletin of the Voronezh State University. Series: Philosophy, 2018a, no. 3 (29), pp. 105-112 (In Russian).

12. Glagolev V.S. Ob”ektivnye predposylki vzaimodeĭstviia kulʹtur v sovremennom mire [Objective prerequisites for the interaction of cultures in the modern world]. Kontury budushchego v kontekste mirovogo kulʹturnogo razvitiia. XVIII Mezhdunarodnye Likhachevskie nauchnye chteniia [Contours of the future in the context of world cultural development. XVIII International Likhachev Scientific Readings]. Saint-Petersburg, 2018b. pp. 397-398 (In Russian).

13. Gurevich T.M. Natsionalʹno-kulʹturnaia obuslovlennostʹ nepriamoĭ kommunikatsii [National-cultural conditionality of indirect communication]. Vestnik MGIMO-Universiteta – Bulletin of MGIMO-University, 2013, no. 2, pp. 163-166 (In Russian).

14. Kamenets A.V. Khudozhestvenno-gumanitarnoe obrazovanie kak resurs formirovaniia chelovecheskogo kapitala v sovremennom obshchestve [Art and humanitarian education as a resource for the formation of human capital in modern society]. Rossiia i sovremennyĭ mir: kapital, solidarnostʹ, sub”ektivnostʹ. Materialy XXII Sotsiologicheskikh chteniĭ [Russia and the modern world: capital, solidarity, subjectivity. Materials of XXII Sociological Readings]. [Electronic resource]. Moscow, RSHU, 2017. pp. 108-111 (In Russian).

15. Kamenets A.V., Kaleushchenko D.S. Osnovnye stsenarii globalizatsii i ee posledstviia v mirovom kulʹturnom prostranstve [The main scenarios of globalization and its consequences in the world cultural space]. Хudozhestvennoe prostranstvo kulʹtury tretʹego tysiacheletiia: problemy nauki i obrazovaniia. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov [Artistic space of culture of the third millennium: problems of science and education. Collection of scientific papers]. Moscow, Buki-Vedi, 2018. pp. 75-79 (In Russian).

16. Kovaleva S.V. Ontologiia iskusstva: idealʹnostʹ, predmetnostʹ, smysloobraz [Ontology of art: ideality, concreteness, sense-image]. Natsionalʹnye prioritety Rossii - National Priorities of Russia, 2015, no. 1 (15), pp. 15-21 (In Russian).

17. Kulanina E.M. Tsennostnye aspekty iskusstva kalligrafii v kommunikativnoĭ traditsii Vostoka [Valuable aspects of the art of calligraphy in the communicative traditions of the East]. Missiia konfessiĭ – Mission Confessions, 2017, no. 22, pp. 100-107 (In Russian).

18. Natsionalʹnyĭ soiuz kalligrafov Rossii [National Union of Calligraphers of Russia]. Available at: http://www.calligraphy-union.ru (accessed 04 August 2019). (In Russian).

19. Sovremennyĭ muzeĭ kalligrafii [Contemporary Museum of Calligraphy]. Available at: https://www.calligraphy-museum.com (accessed 08 August 2019). (In Russian).

20. Khlyshcheva E.V. Kulʹturnyĭ dialog v geterotopnom prostranstve sovremennogo mira: k probleme kulʹturnoĭ bezopasnosti [Cultural dialogue in the heterotopic space of the modern world: towards the problem of cultural security]. Rossiia: tendentsii i perspektivy razvitiia. Ezhegodnik INION RAN. V. 12. Ch. 3 [Russia: trends and development prospects. Yearbook of the INION RAS. Vol. 12. Part 3]. Moscow, 2017. pp. 758-761 (In Russian).

21. Should Calligraphy Be Compulsory? Beijing Review. Available at: http://www.bjreview.com.cn/Cover_Stories_Series_2013/2013-05/27/content_571205.htm (accessed 02 August 2019).

22. New calligraphy classes for China’s internet generation. BBC. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-14693677 (accessed 29 July 2019).

23. 宠中华， 王默涵《行书每天 30 分钟》, 长春: 时代文艺出版社， 2018 (In Chinese).

24. 黑龙江省政协书画院. Heilongjiang All-China Calligraphers Association. Available at: http://www.hljzx.gov.cn/zxshs/ (accessed 03 August 2019) (In Chinese).

25. 艺术头条. Information Art Portal. Available at: https://m-news.artron.net/20170308/n913813.html (accessed 01 August 2019) (In Chinese).

26. 加澍《小学语文生练习册》，一年级上，上册，长春: 长春出版社, 2018 (In Chinese).

27. 上海书法家协会. Shanghai Calligrapher Association. Available at: http://www.shanghaishuxie.com (accessed 03 August 2019) (In Chinese).

28. 头条三号网. Toutiao Sanhaovan Educational Portal. Available at: https://toutiao.sanhao.com/news-detail-31143.html (accessed 03 August 2019) (In Chinese).

29. 头条三号网. Toutiao Sanhaovan Educational Portal. Available at: https://toutiao.sanhao.com/news-detail-10404.html (accessed 03 August 2019) (In Chinese).

30. 文库百度。. Chinese language literature lesson program. Available at: https://wenku.baidu.com/view/0255895bbb68a98271fefafe.html (accessed 07 March 2019) (In Chinese).

31. 新华通讯社。新华网. Xinhua News Information Portal. Available at: http://www.xinhuanet.com/ttgg/2019-07/08/c_1124724710.htm (accessed 29 July 2019) (In Chinese).

32. 中国老年大学协会. China University Association for the Elderly. Available at: https://www.caua1988.com/#/info/0/737 (accessed 03 August 2019) (In Chinese).

33. 中国硬笔书法协会. Tough Feathers World Association. Available at: http://www.zgybsfxh.com (accessed 03 August 2019) (In Chinese).

34. 中国文学艺术界联合会. All-China Literature and Art Workers Association. Available at: http://e.cflac.org.cn (accessed 03 August 2019) (In Chinese).

35. 中国共产党新闻网. Communist Party of China News. Available at: http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shizheng/16/20021118/868961.html (accessed 03 August 2019) (In Chinese).

36. 中国书法家协会. China Calligraphers Association. Available at: http://www.ccagov.com.cn (accessed 03 August 2019) (In Chinese).

37. 中国书协刻字研究会. Association of Calligraphy Researchers. Available at: http://www.eshufa.com/?action-viewcomment-itemid-17805.html (accessed 03 August 2019) (In Chinese).

38. 中华人民共和国教育部. Ministry of Education of the PRC. Available at: http://old.moe.gov.cn//publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/moe_714/201301/xxgk_147389.html (accessed 01 August 2019) (In Chinese).