An interview with Nelli Vasilievna Motroshilova (N.M.), Doctor of Political Science, Professor, Chief Research Fellow of the Department of History of Western Philosophy, The Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences. Interviewed by Professor M.V. Silantieva (M.S.) and Professor V.S. Glagolev (V.G.).

Migration processes in the globalizing world produce a problem of communication between heterogeneous principles in the cultural and educational sphere. Turning to the past we can see that Western civilization doesn’t face this problem for the first time. Moreover, in a sense such a communication lies at its origins, especially during the rise of Roman Empire. Paideia (or education) in the Hellenistic and Roman times was considered as the basis for more or less broad and sometimes full access to the civil rights of the dominant ethnic group. But as a fee for its receiving often counted the abandonment of someone’s own customs. This challenge could be with varying degrees of success bypassed by the ways of the worldview convergence. An important precedent for subsequent history of education became the formation of Jewish paideia, the stages of which are reconstructed in this article. On the first stage there was mainly passive adoption of new knowledge and skills. On the second stage – implementation of practical need in training of own teachers. On the third an attempt to mediate two parts of Jewish education, including elements of both Jewish tradition and ancient philosophy, with the help of special literature was made. The article shows that the reception of outer forms of Greek culture by Jews didn’t lead to their cultural assimilation, but became the reason for a clearer understanding of the incompatibility of the two pictures of the world, Judaic and Pagan, including the latter’s philosophical interpretations. It directly prepared Christian criticism of the ancient worldview.

The problem of categorization in mind and language has always been a topical subject of massive studies, among which cross-discipline research is gaining particular importance in the era of technological and scientific development. The article presents a lingvo-philosophical analysis of the category of secondary potentiality traditionally referred to as subjunctive mood or counterfactuality. Language as a phenomenon of human cognition predetermined by the functioning of distributed neural networks in the two operational modes, actuality and potentiality, allows secondary, recursive circumscriptions to emerge in the referential domain of a languaging organism. These circumscriptions, or markers (units of organism-environment interactions) as purely interior semantic entities lay a basis for, or rather concur with lingvo-cognitive categories (categories of mind), one of which is the category of secondary potentiality. Its epistemic nature consists in the description of accumulated cognitive experience in relation to potential behavior within one and the same referential state. Perceiving time as a “rupture’ of spatial isotropy (G. Auletta), the organism experiences (represents) the past as a reference that does not coincide with the current, actual state of the living system. Cognitively abled to enter and newly enter into causal interactions with the inner semantic images as if they were independent entities and recursively form new, secondary descriptions, the organism generates a conceptually new epistemic unit making it possible to “convert” (reconsider) non-actuality into potentiality. The once experienced past as a cause becomes a teleonomically anticipated future effect, concurring with it in one semantic entity. As a result, the organism comes to generate a secondary potentiality - potentiality causally mediated by the subjective experience of its own realization/actualization. The findings of the lingvo-cognitive modelling of the category of secondary potentiality, first conducted in terms of lingvophilosophy and guided by the data of natural sciences, offer an apparent theoretical and applied research prospect for subsequent studies into its form-content structure.

The article traces the history of Russian Orthodoxy in Altai from its beginning in early XVIII c. down to the present, showing its impact on the surrounding culture. The author demonstrates the decisive role of the Altai Orthodox Mission not only in the propagation of the Orthodox faith among the local population, but in its cultural transformation. In particular, Russian missionaries in Altai, especially the canonized saints archimandrite Makarii (Glukharev, 1793-1847) and metropolitan Makarii (Nevskii, 1835-1926), gave the Altai people the alphabet, writing system, and literary language, taught them to build houses and settlements and to maintain a settled economy. The article also shows that pre-revolutionary missionary monasteries in Altai contributed much to the region’s cultural and social life.

The focus of the article is on the Orthodox Altai today, particularly on the revival of Orthodoxy in the Chemal village in the mountain part of Altai. In the 1990s-2000s Moscow photographer V.N. Pavlov (1937-2011) restored on the so-called “Altai Patmos” – a small island on the Katun river – the church which was there in the early XX c., and built a suspension bridge to the island. Then on the shore facing the island a female monastic settlement was founded, and later a Bishop’s house with a church and museum were added. This place has become a center of pilgrimage not only for local residents, but also for guests from other parts of Russia and abroad.

The article concludes with an overview of the contemporary centers of Orthodox pilgrimage in Altai with an indication of their cultural significance.

The article sets the question of a possible influence of ideas, close to those of the Oxford Movement, on the ecclesiastic enlightenment in Russia in the second half of the nineteenth century. According to the “Lexicon of the Russian Academy”, the ecclesiastic enlightenment in a broad context could be understood as a longing of a part of the Russian society to introduce religious enlightenment and renovation.

The English Church, and first of all its High Church, attracted attention of Russian society, and that interest increased in 1840-s, when the so called Oxford, or Tractarian Movement had been shaped in the frames of the High Church. The ideas promoted by that movement included those ones: restoration of the Church doctrine and the strengthening of its role in the life of society, calling for “antiquity” – theological and liturgical heritage of the common Christian Church, before its disintegration. The similar ideas, shaped under the influence of Romanticism, were popular among the supporters of the liturgical renaissance in the Roman Catholic Church, “Old Catholics”, as well as among the Kollyvades in Greece.

All this could not but arouse interest of that part of Russian society, which was involved into the discourse of religious renovation and ecclesiastic enlightenment. There were not only clergymen and teachers of spiritual schools, but also a broad public: journalists, historians of religion, and philosophers. A famous participant of ecclesiastic enlightenment, specialist in Biblical studies and Christian history A. P. Lopukhin called Tractarianism “the great Oxford Movement”.

The ways in which the Reformation began and developed in England and Scotland were distinct and led to a different type of national church in each country. The Scottish Reformation, led by John Knox, was closer to the ideas developed in Geneva by John Calvin and came to be called Presbyterian because it replaced bishops and dioceses with presbyteries composed of equal numbers of ministers and elders. The Scottish church was non-hierarchical and closer to the people than the model adopted in England. In this contribution Stewart Lamont (who has written in one of his books about the uneasy alliances which national churches have with the state) describes how the Scottish model of Reformation led to Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, being a centre of the Enlightenment in Europe. Nowadays secularisation has overwhelmed both national churches in the United Kingdom and they have both lost their position at the centre of national life. Membership of the Kirk (the name by which the Church of Scotland is commonly known) is now less than one third of the total fifty years ago. While some evangelical churches are showing growth, the national church is now mostly composed of older members, and its moral authority over individuals has transferred to campaigning on social issues. However, the legacy of Knox and the Presbyterian system gave Scotland an educational system whose seeds started bearing fruit from the time of the Enlightenment between 1750s to 1850s when Scotland was a centre of intellectual achievement, and which is still at the heart of its educational institutions.

The article analyzes in detail the basics and sources of dogma, theological specificity, religious practice, organizational structures of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and individual Protestant denominations. A comparative analysis of the two Christian denominations is carried out taking into account the conditions of their emergence and historical development. The main positions of ethical doctrines, in particular economic and labor, social doctrines of Mormons and Protestants, etc., are examined separately. The features common to both confessions are highlighted, as well as those features that are peculiar only to Mormonism and only Protestantism. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian denomination despite its specificity, with a long history and a membership of more than 15 million followers in 165 countries of the world (including the post-Soviet space), having more than 30 thousand parishes, 16 thousand assembly houses and 160 temples; five more temples are under construction [Sitnikov, 2014: 17, 33, 32]. Mormonism proximity to Protestantism can be traced in the socially significant aspects of the doctrine — moral teaching, work ethic, religious motivation of social service, and in certain theological positions. At the same time, there are noticeable differences in dogma as well as and in cult practice and church organization.

The computer mediated communication and the development of the Internet have both changed the ways of creating and spreading cultural contents as well as of acquiring knowledge about culture and tradition. In the teaching of the disciplines aiming at acquiring knowledge about cultural heritage (world, national and local), the application of digitized contents enables the students, in the ways familiar to them, to get acquainted with different cultural goods, importance of tradition and forms of interpenetration of the traditional and the modern.

The paper’s aim is to examine possibilities and challenges of applying the Internet contents to the realization of teaching related to cultural heritage. For efficient applying of new technologies, it has to be kept in mind the characteristics of learning in a digital environment, advantages and disadvantages of such learning as well as capabilities and interests of the students.

The paper is based on a survey of theoretical papers, results of empirical research projects and primary experience of teachers. In the first part of the paper advantages from applying digitized contents in the teaching cultural heritage are listed. The second part points out specific challenges that the teacher can face in preparing this kind of teaching. Finally, long-term advantages of such teaching are drawn attention to.

This article analyses the classic quotation destiny in modern literary texts through culture and ethics collision. Unfortunately, on the one hand, “Antiplagiat” does not suit for that case and on the other hand, quotation definition as “a group of words taken from a text or speech and re- peated by someone other than the original author or speaker” with indispensable reference “is dead”. Postmodernism gives the preference to plagiarism (“literary stealing”), to compilation, to cento. Hypertext, the term from Internet, signifies different transformations of literary texts, including “a new work” made from fragments of published books/blogs etc. Of course, this is not a modern idea. Far back in the past, some antique authors utilized plagiarism and cento as a literary method (!). Today researchers often speak about intertextuality. Can it really be true, that we observe the end of classic quotation? Undoubtedly, the problem of “polyquotation” without references inevitably leads to the ethical questions of authorship, literary property.

Antiplagiarism check for the dissertations written by public figures or ministers is attractive to everyone; meanwhile the situation with quotations in literary texts is completely different. Therefore, we would like to draw attention to quotation, illustrating the analysis with concrete examples. It is up to the reader to decide if this is the end of quotation.

This article deals with relevant processes related to language issues in Montenegro. The consequence of these ideological, social, anti-scientific and scientific processes is the presence of three Sciences about the language of the state – forming people in Montenegro-serbistics and two types of Montenegro. There was a kind of confusion in society as a whole: not only in education, science, culture, but also in the divided and outraged people. For the purpose of qualitative and accurate description of the current situation, the article uses a synthetic approach based on several relevant sources that comprehensively investigate this issue. J. Stojanovic in his book “the Bondage srpskog Utica and pisma (the Way the Serbian language and letters)”, but rather, in one of its chapters (“the Serbian language and the state-national projects in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.”) considers the impact of political, national-state phenomena on different vectors of development of the language. Analysis of these processes in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, according to him, showed: “in the territories where the official use was Serbo-Croatian language, the emergence and/ or formation of different Nations and States (on the old, partly new or almost new bases), led to the complication of language policy. The latter in many aspects began to cancel and/or ignore its scientific grounds for the sake of political (and political) projects; in their implementation, the language served as one of the most important means)” [Stojanovic, 2016]. The Serbian language in Montenegro has historical continuity and public recognition, but the process of destroying its name has now entered into force. In addition, an attempt is made to give the status of language (under the new name – Montenegrin) to the standard of language, adding details that, what is clear even to the uninitiated, do not provide any new name or language status. The situation becomes even more absurd as in such a small country as Montenegro there are differences even over the Montenegrin language. This situation in no way can positively influence the development of Russian Philology.

World eschatology in Aitmatov’s late fiction “Cassandra’s Brand” (1996) addresses the problem of death expectation of mankind at the genetic level in the context of a worldwide catastrophe. In this case writer’s transition to rationalistic eschatology acting within the framework of secular culture, anthropogenic factors and science-like phenomena, is of great interest along with mythological and Abrahamic eschatology.

First of all, it is necessary to distinguish the motive of dystopia through analyzing similar features of eschatology, dystopia (and futurology) as specific forms of attitude to the mode of future, and to disсern traditional features of this literary genre as well. For example, a geneticist from space, who calls himself as a space monk, is perceived by society as the antichrist, attempting a sacrilege against the sacrament of procreation and the divine commandment “Be fruitful and multiply”; an undesirable brand on the pregnant women’s forehead is considered as a mark of the beast, since laser exposure in folk culture is perceived as an ability to control people’s psyche and soul. In the background, the novel illustrates the dystopia model of a technocratic state in which inhuman experiments in creating an artificial human, lynching, mass wars and murders occur.

Further, the motive of the “noosphere” is considered, which interprets the genesis of world eschatology as world’s harmony destruction and division of the world mind into the antinomy of space and chaos, where the first epitomizes the natural beginning of nature and animals, meanwhile the chaos is relating to social destructive actions. The impossibility of constructing a noospheric, cosmopolitan consciousness assumes its evolutionary completion, the end of the world, according to Aitmatov. Aitmatov’s world-building in his novel largely resembles the theories of Teilhard de Chardin, Nikolai Fedorov, Vladimir Vernadsky.

In the end, the final image of world eschatology is devoted to the motive of the universal death, endangering both human existence and all nature, the cosmic universe as a whole. In the novel for the first time, besides the suicide of the protagonist, Aitmatov describes the mass suicide of whales, as radars of cosmic intelligence, predicting the world’s catastrophe. The aspect of the forced death of a prophet-man as a potential death for society is also analyzed Abstracts. World eschatology in Aitmatov’s late fiction “Cassandra’s Brand” (1996) addresses the problem of death expectation of mankind at the genetic level in the context of a worldwide catastrophe. In this case, of great interest is the writer’s transition, along with mythological and Abrahamic eschatology, to rationalistic eschatology, which acts within the framework of secular culture, anthropogenic factors and science-like phenomena.

The cartoon genre is popular with the printed mass media, but thanks to the development of modern technology, it has moved from the pages of newspapers and magazines to the virtual internet space which is the analogue or an expanded version of the traditional mass media and online media. In addition to the audience gain, the Internet has other advantages such as multimedia, operational material update, lack of geographical boundaries, the location of the limitless amount of information, interactive communication, fast feedback – a peculiar reaction of the audience to the media impact. The inscription under each cartoon notes how many hits the material has got, the reader can also leave his/her own review, detailed review, sign up in social networks. In addition, the rate of media attendance also serves as a feedback; with its help not only the rating is compiled, but also visitors’ interest to the site is estimated. Interactivity helps journalists to form the agenda, analyze and satisfy information requests, publish the most interesting illustrations. It’s a part of human perception that the reader pays attention to the image first, and after that to the text. The cartoon can either accompany an article or exist as an independent material. In any case, it is a response to an actual event or a problem. However, this genre is complicated by the fact that through simple images the artist must convey information clearly, reveal the news, disguise criticism, and Express his attitude. The language used to create a drawing should be clear not only to the author, but to the reader for whom it is created as well. This is especially important if the cartoon is placed in the media designed for foreign audience, as the difference of cultures can complicate understanding. Key strength of the cartoon is that it first speaks directly to emotions and then to the mind, it has a profound effect not only on a certain person, but also on a group or even people at large. Images allow the reader to focus on a specific problem, to form his opinion. Therefore, the artist’s choice of stylistic devices for non-verbal component is important, as each of them carries a certain emotional and semantic load. Stylistic devices of non-verbal components make the plot extraordinary, provocative and help to represent emerging issues vividly and accurately, making a strong impression on the audience as well. In addition, this article describes different kinds and functions of the cartoon.