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Concept: philosophy, religion, culture

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No 3 (2018)

INTERVIEW

RESEARCH ARTICLES. PHILOSOPHY

15-57 730
Abstract

The closer to the end of the positivist NINETEENTH century., the century of modern revolutions, the more obvious was the increase in the world of evil. The philosophers had a presentiment of the revival  of the Gnostic complex of this world alien to man. The isolation of  different spheres of culture, although perceived and evaluated as  progress, nevertheless, provoked an urgent need for unity, in the synthesis of differentiated areas – art, creativity, mythology,  poetry, culture, philosophy and, of course, religion, which under the  pressure of modernity appeared on the periphery of culture. But, in  fact, the peripheral sphere of art Nouveau has made culture. The era of revolutions was unfavorable not only for the Church, but also for  culture. Utopian consciousness, which possessed the masses,  demanded the immediate destruction of traditional values. Sociology as the design of new societies has slowed down the formation of  cultural reflection. It will be revived only near the end of the  twentieth century, when the desacralization of the revolution will  unfold and its positive and negative sides will become obvious. The  reverse side of progress, the growth of evil in the world and the  vulnerability of the separation of different spheres were keenly  felt by Russian religious philosophers at the turn of the X1X-XX  centuries.they were the first to put forward the idea of Theurgy, that  is, the unity of the isolated spheres for the sake of the  transformation of the world. In this unity, religion had to take a  significant, if not decisive place. However, in the Russian revolution  of 1917 there was an explosion of atheism. In fact, the Church went  to the catacombs. But the same catacomb, in the words of E.  Unknown, was the whole culture. The author of this article shows  how from the era of the thaw gradually begins to get rid of the  destructive complex and unfolds the restoration of the former ties  between culture, philosophy, art and religion.

58-69 980
Abstract
The article aims at contributing to philosophical understanding of issues in international political economy (IPE). The philosophical formations of different approaches to conducting research in IPE demonstrate that all its divisions are conditional, with permeable rather than impenetrable boundaries. To simplify introduction, some IPE textbooks follow Robert Gilpin’s “trichotomous categorisation”, or theoretical division of the field into realism, liberalism and Marxism/structuralism, which fails to clearly define cultural and historical roots, ignores alternative philosophical approaches to IPE, and denies the possibility of theoretical mergers. With the main focus on the notion of power, this article aims at exploring the possible ways to overcome this trichotomous theoretical division, making the attempt to find ground for theoretical merger. The paper concludes that the theoretical boundaries can be transcended by merging different concepts (a “horizontal” merger), or by approaching the same phenomena in different epistemological ways (a “vertical” merger).
70-78 629
Abstract
The article is devoted to the analysis of the basic concepts of the behavioral economics. Based on the ideas of R. Easterlin and H. Leibenstein, the author investigates a ratio of the rational and irrational in the behavior of economic subjects. Besides, many of the problems of modern consumer society receive an explanation from the point of view of the N. Howe and W. Strauss generational theory. The article shows that the irrational behavior does not arise as a random deviation; in certain conditions it is capable to get the best of rational motivations. The ratio of rational and irrational in the behavior of economic subjects is associated with their psychological characteristics and is a reaction to the constantly increasing amount of information and the changing rules. It is about some kind of change in arrangement of accents when the place and the role of these two beginnings are considerably reconsidered. The behavioral economics in recent research have proved that preferences of economic subjects are more irrational, unpredictable; they are not always aimed at defending their own interests. It became obvious that the objective circumstances given from the outside are not able to explain properly the behavior of subjects of economic and their consequences. The ratio of irrational and rational behavior of economic subjects requires a new understanding. This circumstance is complicated by the fact that behavioral approach, in reality is inherent not only in the activities of an individual, but also in the development of firms, markets, regions. The article reveals deep motives of irrational behavior of economic subjects and shows the value of philosophical understanding of this problem for the further development of the behavioral economics theory.

RELIGIOUS STUDIES

79-90 517
Abstract

This article is dedicated to the confessional tolerance and migration factor in the context of the countries in the Baikalsky Region Ministry Studies dominants XX-XXI centuries. Initially, the tolerance as the New Time liberal ideology institute had the meaning in the light of the religiously-confessional liberality. “Dewesternization” reinforcing tendencies are accentuating candidly the opposition in the ideological field. The integration of these factors with the regional emigrational and re-emigrational processes puts the notion of the tolerance to the stage of the national security factor. The culturological approach has been chosen as the basic to analyze the process data. This approach defines the confessional area axiological modes of existence and regional dominant Ministry Studies of the communal traditional institutes and the regional missionary field. The author highlights, that the communal field disintegration processes connected with the Roman Catholic Church missionary as well as non-protestant institutes in the emigrational environment are one of the “westernization” modes of existence of the social and cultural field. Traditional religiously confessional institutes by virtue of the paternalistic tradition of its social political existence have not worked out the missionary methodology which encouraged the effective opposition to the innovations in the confessional field. The juridical policy of Russia and Mongolia, apart from China, is under pressure of the constitutional liberal ideology adopted model. The State practically cannot  retain the status quo of the confessional area traditional institutes “canonical” borders. The organizational and legal means trial implementation to withstand the latent threat of the religious conscience fundamentalization in the empire character objective conditions of the social and political field lead to the basic tolerance principles violation in the religious field.

91-102 548
Abstract
In the modern post-secular world it is necessary to notice thе role of religion as a basis of European culture (including Russian culture). Secularization itself, according to J. Vattimo, is a product of development of the Christian civilization. Our modern pluralistic world саn’t be any more an object of interpretation seeking to bring it together by all means for the sake of the final truth. In this context secularization is the main event in the history of Europe and of the countries of the European culture (including Russia), it is one more stage of interpretation of the text of the Bible which displaces it in relation to sacral, placing it in other dimension where the profane and the sacral are inseparable from each other. The culture of modern Europe has to be understood as secularized Christianity, because Christianity, according to Vattimo, is the only constituting element of modern European identity. Secularization in this case is a process of change of religious outlook towards release of the individual from any form of public control in religious views that is privatization and the subjectivation of religion. The process of the subjectivation of religion is connected with the European project of Enlightenment. The age of Enlightenment generated anthropocentric thinking. Under the influence of ideas of Enlightenment the system of primary, secondary and higher education was formed in the Russian Empire. At the same time education was initially based on Christian values. The task of our article isn’t consideration of problems and decisions which were caused by this religious and confessional orientation concerning, for example, Judaic, Muslim or Buddhist education. We consider the process of interaction of Christian educational traditions in the system of religious education in the Russian Empire. At the same time it must be kept in mind that primary education was either under patronage of the church, or under strong influence of church structures.
103-111 542
Abstract

Throughout its notable history, Russia has assumed a strong communal spirit that is still reflected in Russian business practices today. In the Orthodox understanding, the idea of human freedom and rights are inevitably connected with the idea of service. Rights are needed so that human beings can, in the best possible way, restore themselves to the likeness of God; and in so doing a person should exercise his or her duty before God, the Church, other people, one’s family, the state, the nation and other human communities. The paper examines the approaches to the property rights from Orthodox and Latin Catholic position. The conclusion about the influence which the religious worldview has on the formation of the identity of people in the contemporary Russian and European society was made.

112-119 581
Abstract
The article analyzes the classic work of Max Weber “Protestant sects and the spirit of capitalism” on the relevance of the conclusions of 1906 to the present day. The article studies the conclusions of the scientist, which remain relevant in the 21st century. The results of the research of the American sociological and statistical agency Pew Research Center that focuses on the dynamics of the influence of religion in US public life are studied as a test of the relevance of Weber’s provisions on the social role of religion in the business environment and politics. The study covers the issues of involvement on religious sects in the sphere of entrepreneurship and public service, mainly in elective offices. Religious sects are defined according to the Weberian concept of a limited religious organization that seeks to coordinate like-minded people and enhance the development of their careers. It is worth pointing out that according to this definition, religious sects no longer pursue the goal of the cult and, moreover, cannot be considered destructive. The main question of the practical part of the article is how denomination of US politicians is connected with their political orientation. The last part of the article attempts to explain the unexpected success of presidential candidate D. Trump in US presidential elections by comparing the religious narrative in the speeches of the future president. The religious context of the speeches is compared with the distribution of votes cast for the future president in the election, and the denomination of the voted citizens, depending on the dominant church in the US states. These trends are compared with the theses of Max Weber of the last century. At the end of the article, the authors try to answer the question: do the United States remain a religious country whose citizens attach great importance to the denomination of their political representatives, or has the country abandoned the old tradition on favor of secularism?

CULTUROLOGY

120-132 1295
Abstract
The Declaration on the elimination of violence against women adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 20 December, 1993 defines violence against women as “any act of gender-based violence that results in, or islikely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrarydeprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life”. In fact, in order to cover all situations connected with acts of violence against women, some international legal documents use the term “domestic violence”, which implies that an act has occurred within the family or at home, between the former or the current spouses or partners. The psychology of men and women, along with their mentality differ in their nature inherent to the psychological and genetic aspects. These differences are applicable to the question of domestic violence, which men practically or expressively use as a way of letting out their emotions. In this regard, women are those who mainly suffer from forms of violence, which could be identified, becoming seriously injured by their partners. Above all, domestic violence by men presents an imminent threat to the life and health of a woman, since she often has to continue to live together with a man even after being divorced or while investigative activities are being conducted. Moreover, the consequences of this phenomenon have not only a physical component, but also a psychological one, diminishing the fundamental rights of a woman, as well as negatively affecting the formation of her personality. Additionally to internal factors, which influence on the occurrence of such situations within a family, there are external ones conducive to the spread and increase of the abovementioned phenomenon, turning a fight against it into an overall mission, which is actual for all countries. Nowadays the world community faces a range of global challenges, threats and risks, which could have negative impacts of various scales, resulting in deterioration of general human condition. Poverty, underdevelopment of the population and mostly the European migration crisis, which adversely affects women making them more vulnerable are among them. Migrant women, irrespective of the presence or absence of a legal status, as well as women asylum-seekers are at increased risk of violence and face the same difficulties while addressing it. Taking into account the urgency of the problem for all countries, the phenomenon of domestic violence prevalence remains a subject to in-depth international legal review. In this article there are statutory and actual materials; the factors influencing on the occurrence of such situations are being explored; the philosophical inquire is presented; the international legal tools as a way to address violence against women and domestic violence are presented.
133-140 703
Abstract
The hypothetical design of the post-war social system was developed by the ideologists of the youth movement of the 60s, the philosophers of the Frankfurt school, theorists of postmodernism and neo-Marxists who understood it as a society of fiction. The founder of the conceptual critique of the consumer society is G Debor, who developed the concept of “performance”. J. Baudrillard, continuing the traditions of his teacher, considers the process of consumption as a sociogenerating process, which underlies the generation of all social relations. The article is focused on the study of the consumer society current state, which emerges in the situation of realization of the postmodern idea of “plurality” and the emphasized diversity in consumer activity. As a result, there is a situation in the post-mass society, when the social group as an impersonal mass is replaced by a tribe whose main difference is the orientation towards the permanent socio-cultural self-identification of its members. As a part of consumer activities, we can identify consumer tribes, the core of which is in companies that use branding technologies. The difference in this case is that relationship vector between the product and the trade mark changes radically towards the trade mark, now it starts to determine the specifics of production. Significant expansion of the methodological basis of modern marketing through the inclusion of developments in the field of psychology, sociology, and cultural studies makes it possible to form the culturological concept of consumer totemism, which is considered in the article as an important institution of the modern consumer society. The brand totem begins to determine social identification of the consumer tribe members, including both internal and external consumers who share values and produced cultural style.

NTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

141-149 581
Abstract
The main purpose of this article is to uncover ideas about the transformation of the style of culture in the history of development of Western Europe. The article examines the main features of the Old Order and the New Order in the context of the lifestyle and style of thinking, existing as implicit and explicit tendencies of the present. The author emphasizes that the transformation of the style of Western European culture (from the XVIII to XXI centuries) follows the logic: the Old Order - the New Order - the present in various forms of manifestation of a given style. Order here appears as an ordered complex of interrelated sociocultural elements due to the uniqueness of the style characteristics of cultural and historical eras, and the appeal to the original, unique processes that are the lifestyle and style of human thinking allow us to come closer to understanding the essence of the whole culture style. The old order in the article is defined as an integral, unique, self-sufficient cultural epoch of the XVIII century. in Western European history, formed at the junction of feudalism and capitalism, the content of which is presented in a unity of unique phenomena inherent in it: the style of thinking and style of life. During this period, the system of values and way of thinking, closely connected with the traditional organization of society, basic customs, way of life, in contrast to the emerging new social relations-the New Order, manifested in the spread of the bourgeois system of values, the new liberal-democratic ideology, legal system, civil society and secular worldview. The author believes that despite the changes in the modern world (in the 20th and 21st centuries) fragments of the Old Order and the New Order find their own refraction in it.

ART AND LITERATURE

150-161 551
Abstract

Philanthropy in Russia of the XIX - beginning of XX centuries had its special features, owing to the nature of the artistic process of that time, as well as to socio-psychological specifics of the group of commercial and industrial estates, providing patronage of arts. Moscow merchants-artisans were the embodiment of most of the qualities (such as patriarchal religious commitment, entrepreneurial spirit, the desire to influence social processes and “to keep up to date”). In those circumstances the formula of “wealth obligating” formed a large-scale and a versatile charity applicable to the art as well. Due to their huge wealth, merchants-patrons could not only be engaged in collecting, but also affect the artistic process by supporting certain directions of painting, creating theatres and art centers. So there was a certain “union” between artists-realists of social direction and merchant-benefactors (K.T. Soldatyonkov, P.M. Tretyakov). Along with that, there were serious contradictions in “artist-patron” relations, resulting from the psychologically conflict “meeting” of wealth and poverty, as well as the problem of the picture “evaluation”. The virtuous rejection of money power and the entire “dark kingdom” by artists (especially the revealing genre) simultaneously coupled with the dependence on its educated representatives. The contradictory influence of patronage sometimes was caused by insufficient education of art lovers and their adherence to “snobbery and fashion”.

162-169 540
Abstract

The article presents the analysis of relations between the real and the imaginary. The imaginary is thought of as a broken discourse of narcissistic subject trying to conceal the horror of the real under simulacra – death of the thing, name, God. The world of the imaginary – advertising, design, theatre, cinema, etc. – allows a human to survive since simulacra and simulations inspire, excite and play with us. But it is necessary to enter the real – to restore things, not their imitations, to restore the trust to the world, to oneself. The way of returning to the subject is a critical discourse of self-description. There was a time when people were interested in the way they could meet God; today they scratch head over the manner they get caught in the lens of cameras and television. Montage, make-up, colors, peacocks, Papuans, caviar, whatever one needs for happiness is all over the world. However, in 1920s the Russian constructivism demonstrated the desire to create a minimalistic space, almost empty, bright, including minimum of things (see: Rodchenko’s “Canteen for the Workers”), to break the ground to touch the quality of things, to create a vital space for people’s trust and communication. Its followers tried to restore the broken continuity through sincerity, trust, and self-criticism, to enter the discourse of self-description. Emptiness, silence, trusts in something simple and clear open the return path back to oneself, filling with the joy of “full speech”: I am the one who speaks for myself. Finally, it’s time to live on your own.

170-177 710
Abstract

Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov is a distinctive representative of Russian literature in the 20th century. His works are studied by many famous artists in many countries. The conciseness and beauty of his language are unique characteristics of Nabokov’s creation. His works show great philosophical depth, high moral values, and aesthetic accomplishments. His erudition has also attracted the attention of the world. This paper mainly expounds his metaphysical ideas: Nabokov’s metaphysics is mainly expressed in his great understanding of the world and his ability to understand and his longing for something grand and incomparable. His philosophical, ethical and moral ideas have incorporated the views of various literary schools, formalism, and structuralism at home and abroad. In addition, this article analyzes the relationship between philosophy, ethics, linguistics, reality and non-reality, reality and lies through the study of many works of the author; it clearly defines the distinction between “game” and “acting”; explained a series of problems of the author’s creation techniques; summed up the themes such as “time and permanence”, “memory and memories” in Nabokov’s works. These are all reflected frequently in Nabokov’s works. It is precisely because of this that his works have also been studied as metaphysical works for the public.

SCIENTIFIC LIFE



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ISSN 2541-8831 (Print)
ISSN 2619-0540 (Online)